Turbulence Chapter 3: Near-Wall Modeling

In this chapter, we journey into the turbulent zone right next to the wall — where sharp gradients, subtle balances, and small-scale chaos control the drag, heat transfer, and flow separation that engineers care about. We explore how near-wall turbulence is structured, how CFD models like wall functions or enhanced wall treatments handle it, and why roughness and mesh strategy matter more than you might expect. This is where the wall stops being just a boundary and becomes the real battleground of turbulence.