Axial compressors, axial turbines, centrifugal compressors, radial turbines and hydraulic machines are different implementations of the same turbomachinery principles. This note develops their velocity triangles, work transfer, reaction and loading before connecting ideal mean-line behaviour to real losses, diffusion, wakes, secondary flow, slip, diffusers, volutes, hydraulic head and cavitation.

Turbomachinery is built around a simple idea: exchanging energy between a rotating machine and a flowing fluid. The flow physics behind that exchange, however, are anything but simple. This chapter introduces the fundamental architecture of turbines, compressors, and pumps, then explores why their internal flows are three-dimensional, turbulent, compressible, and inherently unsteady. It also introduces the role of CFD in modern turbomachinery design, from understanding secondary flows and tip-clearance effects to comparing design changes and identifying aerodynamic losses.

Integrated engineering notes on multiphase combustion covering spray combustion, coal combustion, DPM modeling, pollutant formation, NOx mechanisms, radiation effects, and SCR emission-control systems used in industrial CFD simulations.

Integrated engineering notes on turbulent premixed combustion covering combustion regimes, turbulent flame speed, progress-variable and G-equation models, flame surface density approaches, flamelet-generated manifolds, and swirl-stabilized combustor physics.